![]() In 3500 BCE, much of the world is inhabited by small groups of hunter-gatherers. These two developments are the opening phases of that stage in global history which we call the Ancient World. A thousand or so miles away, the foundations for another great civilization are being laid, that of Ancient Egypt, in the Nile Valley. In the Middle East, the first civilizations in world history are emerging.Ĭities, writing, organized states – all these are appearing in the land of Mesopotamia. World history in 3500 BCE - ancient civilizations emerge To access, click on the markers in the world map. More ‘Dig Deeper’ links may be found in the regional maps. Next map: the world in 200 BCE Dig Deeperįor details of the different civilizations, click on the relevant timeline above. Nevertheless, by now the Olmec culture’s influence has spread over a large area of central America.įar to the south, the Chavin civilization, the first of a long series of urban cultures in the Andean region of South America, has appeared. In the Western Hemisphere, several centers of the Olmec civilization of Mexico have experienced a mysterious development, with the ritual burial of great sculptures accompanying the destruction of their communities. They have started expanding outwards from their homelands.Ĭivilization is penetrating inner Africa from the north via the kingdom of Nubia, becoming more “African” as it travels. ![]() In Africa, Iron Age farming has taken root amongst the Bantu peoples of the West African rainforest. In the Easter steppes it was the Quanrong – probably related to the later Xiongnu (Huns) – who seem to predominate. North of the Black Sea, the Cimmerians have been replaced as the dominant people by the Scythians, whose tribes are fanning out over a huge area from eastern Europe to central Asia. In the East, these “barbarians” have already had an impact on Chinese history by helping break up the unified Zhou kingdom into numerous different states and in the West, deep raids by the Cimmerians have caused much destruction. In the steppes of central Asia, the nomadic horsemen have become a major threat to the settled civilizations of Eurasia. The Celts are now coming to dominate France and other parts of western Europe, populating it with their hill forts and warlike chieftainships. Now the Persian empire rules, the largest empire so far. In the Middle East, the past few centuries have seen the rise and fall of a succession of great empires – the Assyrian, the Neo-Babylonian and the Median. To the west, Phoenician traders have carried the alphabet to the Greeks, Italians (including of course the Romans) and other peoples of the Mediterranean. Its employment is fostered by the rise of huge imperial states in the region, and the transfers of population that this has involved.īeyond the Middle East, the closely-related Sanskrit script has evolved amongst the Aryans in India. The Aramaean script is now used throughout the Middle East. It is one of the great turning points in global history.Īt the same time, the use of alphabetic scripts has been becoming widespread. This allows agricultural productivity to rise, populations to expand, towns and cities to grow, and civilization to advance. Wherever it arrives it replaces the Stone Age tools used by farmers for millennia. It has now reached South East Asia, and is rippling down into Africa. Over the past few centuries, Iron Age technology has been spreading far and wide in the Eastern Hemisphere. The Buddha in India, Confucius in China, the Greek philosophers of the Ionian school, and the Jewish prophets of ancient Israel – all lay down modes of thought whose influence is still with us today. World history in 500 BCE - the classical world takes shape Great thinkersĪt this time, many of the classical civilizations of the ancient world enter their period of greatness: Greek, Chinese, Indian and Israelite civilizations all experience a burst of creativity, each producing thinkers who will profoundly shape the future course of world history.
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